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ambiguity - Is "until" inclusive or exclusive? - English Language ...
tl; dr - It's exclusive if the situation described is notable by its absence. It's likely to be inclusive if the situation described is notable by its presence. At its heart, until describes when the transition happens. If you say " X until [time] ", you mean that X becomes not-X on [time]. The problem comes, as you note, when [time] is a span of time (like a whole day) rather than an ...

What's the meaning of "....don't you black or white me"
The way I would interpret black-and-white (when used as a verb) would be: Don't put everything into [two] absolutes when you're talking with me. Two common idioms are: It's black-and-white. It's not black-and-white. When something is either morally right or morally wrong, it's often said to be black-and-white, meaning that there are no shades of gray. For example, one might argue that stealing ...

Is “It is I who decides.” correct? - English Language Learners ...
+1 for the Grammar Girl link, but a fraction of a point off for not quoting the last piece of the link, which said that among grammarians, there is dispute as to whether "it is I who decides" or "it is I who decide" is correct. They are both used, and although one might think the rules of grammar would single out just one of these as correct, there is no agreement on this.

word usage - "Having a holiday" vs "Spending a holiday" - English ...
Spending a holiday = having a holiday Both mean the same that you are enjoying (not working) somewhere and that day is a holiday. From Jakarta Post Nusa Dua tourist enclave boasts some of the island’s most exclusive hotels, restaurants and shopping centers. All are set alongside nearly 5 kilometers of well-preserved white sandy beach. Spending a holiday with the family and golf buddies ...

Do you ride a car? - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Plus, how do you discribe a scene in Mr. Bean movie, where he sit on top of his car? Was he "riding" a car? Yes, that's riding a car. But it's not very sensical and never happens in reality. For all other intents and purposes, though, you don't ride a car. You ride in a car. The reason why you drive a car is because the infinitive form of the verb is to drive. You're driving the car forward ...

Difference between “is” and “it is” in a sentence
In the first, second, and fourth sample sentences, you already have a subject, the password, a boarding pass and the food, and therefore don't need to include an it. Although it may be more common to use in other languages, the it part is left out in English (I'm not sure if leaving it in is incorrect grammar, or just not done in practice). However, if you add a comma after the subject, you ...

Posts matching '' - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Q&A for speakers of other languages learning English

Highly scored unanswered questions - English Language Learners Stack ...
Would it be incorrect to write a sentence like, “I asked my girlfriend if they would … “, as the sex would already be known due to the use of the word girlfriend? It was my understanding that once the ...

Trending questions - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Q&A for speakers of other languages learning English

We was or We were which is correct? - English Language Learners Stack ...
We was is not standard English, it is used in some regional dialects: The verb 'to be' has two simple past forms in Standard English - I/he/she/it was and you/we/they were. Apart from the special case of you, the distinction is, therefore, between singular was and plural were In some regional dialects, however, this pattern is not observed. In some parts of the country, speakers use was ...

* Latest OCD 101 News

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OCD Walk  WFAE
NC Made: Potter uses art to raise awareness about OCD  ABC11 News
Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults  The BMJ
Several Psychiatric Disorders Share The Same Root Cause, Study Suggests  ScienceAlert
A burden of rare copy number variants in obsessive-compulsive disorder | Molecular Psychiatry  Nature
Social Rhythm in OCD Similar to Bipolar Disorder  Psychiatry Advisor
Virtual reality therapy helps people with OCD  spectrumlocalnews.com
Carolina Partners in Mental HealthCare Expands Treatment Offerings to Include Revolutionary Mental Health Technology for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in North Carolina  PR Newswire
Eight Psychiatric Disorders Share the Same Genetic Causes, Study Says  news.unchealthcare.org
Luke Combs Gets Honest About ‘Crippling’ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Taste of Country
5 homes collapse into the surf of the Outer Banks as hurricanes rumble in Atlantic  WKMG
A family's fight for their son en route to NCAA tournament history  ESPN
Some obsessions, compulsions not part of OCD  CNN
Prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder in the British nationwide survey of child mental health  Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Reunion a celebration of mastery over OCD  The Providence Journal

Common Cardiovascular Symptoms & Warning Signs

Chest Pain or Pressure (Angina) — Sensation of squeezing, fullness, or tightness in the center of the chest that may radiate to the jaw, neck, back, or arm.
Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea) — Difficulty breathing or feeling winded during routine activities, exertion, or while lying flat in bed.
Palpitations or Irregular Heartbeat — Sensations of a racing, fluttering, pounding, or skipping heart rate.
Unexplained Dizziness or Lightheadedness — Sudden feelings of faintness, loss of balance, or near-syncope linked to decreased blood flow to the brain.
Swelling in the Extremities (Edema) — Fluid retention causing notable swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or abdomen.
Unusual Fatigue and Weakness — Persistent tiredness or exhaustion during simple daily tasks, often an early warning sign of heart failure.
Cold Sweats or Diaphoresis — Sudden onset of unexplained profuse sweating accompanied by chest discomfort or anxiety.
Cyanosis or Pale Skin Tone — A bluish or abnormally pale discoloration of the skin, lips, or nail beds due to poor oxygen circulation.
Persistent Coughing or Wheezing — Chronic cough producing white or pink blood-tinged mucus caused by fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Pain in the Extremities (Claudication) — Cramping or aching in the calves, thighs, or hips during walking, indicating peripheral artery disease.

Current Cardiovascular Treatments

Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists — Advanced metabolic agents like tirzepatide cut major adverse cardiovascular events, reduce systemic vascular inflammation, and improve heart failure outcomes.
Pulsed-Field Ablation (PFA) — Non-thermal electroporation therapy replacing traditional radiofrequency ablation to treat atrial fibrillation with greater tissue selectivity and safety.
SGLT2 Inhibitor Therapy — Guideline-directed medical treatment (e.g., dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) initiated early to reduce hospitalizations and mortality across heart failure spectrums.
Targeted siRNA & Lipid Gene Therapy — Small interfering RNA injectables (like inclisiran) and gene-editing therapies (VERVE-102) providing long-term LDL-C reduction with single-dose schedules.
Transcatheter Valve Therapies (TAVR / TMVR) — Minimally invasive catheter interventions for replacing or repairing severe aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve stenosis/regurgitation without open-heart surgery.
Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors — Targeted hormonal pathway medications, such as baxdrostat, designed to treat treatment-resistant hypertension by lowering aldosterone production.
Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing (LBBAP) — Conduction system pacing delivering direct physiological resynchronization as a superior alternative to traditional cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Dual Endothelin Receptor Antagonists — Novel oral therapies like aprocitentan used in combination regimes to target resistant high blood pressure through specialized vascular pathways.
Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Agents — Low-dose colchicine and specialized anti-inflammatory protocols aimed directly at preventing plaque rupture and reducing residual cardiovascular risk.
Mechanical Decompression Systems — Endovascular venous balloon technology and advanced left ventricular assist devices designed to acutely unload intracardiac pressures during heart failure crises.

Key Milestones in Cardiovascular History

Discovery of Blood Circulation (1628) — William Harvey published De Motu Cordis, demonstrating for the first time that blood circulates continuously through the body pumped by the heart.
Invention of the Stethoscope (1816) — René Laennec invented the wooden stethoscope, allowing physicians to auscultate and diagnose internal cardiac sounds non-invasively.
First Human Electrocardiogram (1902) — Willem Einthoven developed the string galvanometer to record the electrical activity of the heart, inventing the modern ECG.
First Human Cardiac Catheterization (1929) — Werner Forssmann performed the first successful cardiac catheterization on himself, opening the path for modern interventional cardiology.
Launch of the Framingham Heart Study (1948) — A landmark long-term epidemiological study began, establishing major risk factors like high blood pressure, cholesterol, and smoking.
Development of the Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1953) — John Gibbon successfully used a heart-lung machine on a human patient, enabling modern open-heart surgery.
First Successful Human Heart Transplant (1967) — Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant in Cape Town, South Africa.
First Coronary Angioplasty (1977) — Andreas Grüntzig performed the first successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to open blocked arteries.
Introduction of Coronary Stents (1986) — Ulrich Sigwart and Jacques Puel implanted the first coronary stent in a human heart to prevent artery restenosis.
First TAVR Procedure (2002) — Alain Cribier performed the first Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, revolutionizing treatment for aortic stenosis without open-heart surgery.

Current Cardiovascular Research & Breakthroughs

Gene-Editing for Lipid Lowering — Advanced base-editing and RNA therapies (such as VERVE-102) show potential for permanently reducing LDL cholesterol with single-dose targeted gene inactivation.
AI-Driven Predictive Diagnostics — Deep learning algorithms now evaluate polygenic risk scores and real-time imaging data to predict cardiac events years before clinical symptoms appear.
Stem Cell Remuscularization — Regenerative cardiac cell therapies using stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes aim to repair post-infarct scar tissue and restore contractile function.
Pulsed-Field Ablation (PFA) — Non-thermal electroporation technology is transforming arrhythmia management by selectively isolating cardiac tissue with lower procedural risk.
Anti-Inflammatory Therapies — Target-specific anti-inflammatory drugs are being validated to reduce residual vascular risk and suppress ongoing atheroma plaque progression.
Transcatheter Valve Evolution (TMVR/TAVR) — Next-generation transcatheter systems are expanding treatment options for complex structural valve conditions without traditional open surgery.
Digital Twin Hemodynamic Modeling — Virtual patient-specific cardiac models integrate imaging and biomarkers to simulate interventional outcomes before execution.
Conduction System Pacing (LBBAP) — Left bundle branch area pacing is replacing traditional biventricular pacing to provide more natural physiological resynchronization.
Cardioprotective Metabolic Drugs — Broadening applications of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate significant reductions in heart failure admissions and vascular events.
Novel Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors — New drug classes like Baxdrostat provide target-specific control for resistant hypertension by directly modulating hormone pathways.